One of the first Chinese medical doctors
Shi Meiyu, also known as Mary Stone, a name she adopted while studying in the United States, was born into a Christian family in Jiujiang (Kiukiang), Jiangxi province in 1873. Her father was a Methodist pastor and mother was the principal of a Methodist school for girls. Defying Chinese tradition, her parents refused to bind her feet.
She was taught the Chinese classics and Christian literature by her mother. Impressed by the work of American medical missionary Dr. Kate Bushnell, her father, decided that she should become a doctor.
Having graduated from the Rulison-Fish Memorial School under the guidance of Gertrude Howe, an American Methodist from Lansing, Michigan, she left for the United States with Howe in 1892 to study medicine at the University of Michigan. In 1896, she graduated together with her friend, Kang Cheng (Ida Kahn), the first two Chinese women to receive medical degree from an American university. Upon graduation, they returned to China as medical missionaries of the Women’s Foreign Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church and set up a one-room hospital in Jiujiang. In the first ten months, Shi and her associates treated more than 2,300 outpatients and made hundreds of house calls. Their hospital was always filled.
During the Boxer Rebellion in 1900, Shi lost her father, causing both her and Kang Cheng to seek refuge in Japan. They returned in 1901 and, with the support of Dr. Isaac Newton Danforth, opened the Elizabeth Skelton Danforth Hospital, a 95-bed, 15-room hospital. For some 20 years, Shi worked there as superintendent, taking care of patients, training nurses, and promoting public hygiene. Grown up with unbound feet, she was enthusiastic in opposing footbinding. During busy periods, Shi’s hospital was treating around 5,000 patients per month.
She supervised the training of more than 500 Chinese nurses and translated training manuals and textbooks for their use. She also supervised a home for the physically disabled and adopted for boys. Even as she herself underwent surgery in Chicago in 1907, she took this as an opportunity to raise funds for her hospital. A Rockefeller Foundation scholarship enabled her to do postgraduate work at Johns Hopkins University from 1918 to 1919. Her sister, Phoebe, also a doctor and a graduate of Johns Hopkins, took charge of the Danforth Hospital in her absence.
Upon her return to China in 1920, Shi severed her ties with the Methodist Board of Missions and moved to Shanghai. She established the Shanghai Bethel Mission with the assistance of Jennie V. Hughes, an American missionary. In less than 10 years, the Bethel Mission had developed a hospital, primary and secondary schools, an evangelistic training department, and an orphanage. She conducted Bible classes for the nurses, intending to produce nurse-evangelists. From 1920 until the Japanese invasion in 1937, Bethel was well known for its training program for nurses. The Japanese invasion forced Bethel members to move inland and to Hong Kong, resulting in new Bethel churches. Shi went to the United States to raise support for the Mission.
Shi was also a prominent evangelist and women’s leader of the Chinese church. She served as a member of the China Continuation Committee of the National Missionary Conference after the Edinburgh World Missionary Conference of 1910. She was the first Chinese Christian woman to be ordained in central China. Recognizing the importance of carrying out mission work by the Chinese, she cofounded the Chinese Missionary Society in 1918. This society aimed at supporting and sending Chinese missionaries to work among the Chinese. She was also the first president of the Women’s Christian Temperance Union in China (1922), an organization committed to fighting alcoholism and the use of opium and cigarettes. In the 1930s, she was one of the organizers who formed the Bethel Worldwide Evangelistic Band. In 1948 the Bethel hospital built a surgery ward in her honor.
Shi spent her last years in Pasadena, California. In 1954, she died at the age of 82.
This article is taken, with permission, from the Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Christianity.
Sources:
Boorman, Howard L., ed., Biographical Dictionary of Republican China, Vol. 3 (1970).
Connie Shemo, “Shi Meiyu’s ‘Army of Women’ in Medicine,” Carol Lee Hamrin, ed. with Stacey Bieler, Salt and Light: Lives of Faith that Shaped Modern China (Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock Publishers, Pickwick Publications, 2008)
Shi’s biography can be found in Margaret Burton, Notable Women of China (1912).
She is the author of “What Chinese Women Have Done and Are Doing for China,” The China Mission Year Book 5 (1914): 239-245.
